刺缘的流年花开:常见口笔译符号

常见口笔译符号

发布时间：2011-03-29   发布人：mti.fltrp.com

• 1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:
   
  Abbreviations in Note taking
  Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.
   
  Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.
  S   =   sum
  f   =   frequency
   
  Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.
  cf   =   compare
  e.g.   =   example
  dept   =   department
   
  Use only the first syllable of a word.
  pol   =   politics
  dem   =   democracy
  lib   =   liberal
  cap   =   capitalism
   
  Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.
  pres   =   presentation
  subj   =   subject
  ind   =   individual
  cons   =   conservative
   
  Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.
  assoc   =   associate
  biol   =   biology
  info   =   information
  ach   =   achievement
  chem   =   chemistry
  max   =   maximum
  intro  =   introduction
  conc   =   concentration
  min   =   minimum
  rep   =   repetition
   
  Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.
  ppd   =   prepared
  prblm   =   problem
  estmt   =   estimate
  bkgd   =   background
  gvt   =   government
    Use an apostrophe in place of letters.
  am't   =   amount
  cont'd   =   continued
  gov't   =   government
  educat'l   =   educational
  
  Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.
  chpts   =   chapters
  egs   =   examples
  fs   =   frequencies
  intros   =   introductions
   
  Use g to represent ing endings.
  ckg   =   checking
  estg   =   establishing
  decrg   =   decreasing
  exptg   =   experimenting
   
  Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.
   
  Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.
   
  Leave out unimportant words.
  Leave out the words a and the.
   
  If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.
   
  Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.
  &   =   and
  w/   =   with
  w/o   =   without
  vs   =   against
  \   =   therefore
  =    =   is or equal
   
  Use technical symbols where applicable.
  zb   =   German, for example
  ibid   =   Latin, the same work
  o   =   degrees
  H2O   =   water
  
  More reference:
  Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:
  + plus
  // parallel
  Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:
  eg example
  IT dept Information Technology department
  UK United Kingdom
  Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples:
  mar marketing
  cus customer
  cli client
  Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:
  subj subject
  budg budget
  ind individual
  To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:
  tech'gy technology
  gen'ion generalisation
  del'y delivery
  Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:
  assoc associated
  ach achievement
  info information
  Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:
  bkgd background
  mvmt movement
  prblm problem
  Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:
  custs customers
  fs frequencies
  /s ratios
  Use 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:
  decrg decreasing
  ckg checking
  estblg establishing
  Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:
  in
  but
  as
  key
  Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:
  is
  was
  were
  Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:
  a
  an
  the
  If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:
  January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB
  Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:
  @ at
  2 to
  4 for
  & and
  w/ with
  w/o without
  vs against
  Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.
  Other Symbols and Abbreviations
  as a result of / consequences of <--->
  resulting in --->
  and / also +
  equal to / same as =
  following ff
  most importantly *
  less than <
  greater than > especially esp/
  一、缩略词
  英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。
  缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：
  F拿掉所有元音
  MKT: market
  MGR: manager
  MSG: message
  STD: standard
  RCV: receive
  F保留前几个字母
  INFO information
  INS insurance
  EXCH exchange
  I owe you IOU
  In stead of I/O
  F保留开头和结尾个发音字母
  WK week
  RM room
  PL people
  F根据发音
  R are
  THO though
  THRU through
  
  高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表
  
  缩略词原词
  APT Apartment
  ACC Accountant
  ACDG According
  ACPT Accept
  AD Advertisement
  ADS Address
  ADV Advice
  AMAP As much/many as possible
  AMT Amount
  APV Approve
  ASAP As soon as possible
  BAL Balance
  BLDG Building
  CERT Certificate
  CFM Conform
  CNCL Cancel
  CNF Conference
  CMI Commission
  CMP Complete
  CMPE Compete/competitive
  CMU Communication
  CONC Concern/concerning/concerned
  COND Condition
  CO. Company
  DEPT Department
  DISC Discount
  DPT Departure
  EXCH Exchange
  EXPLN Explain
  EXT Extent
  FLT Flight
  FNT Final
  FRT Freight
  FYR For your reference
  GD Good
  GUAR Guarantee
  H.O. Home office
  INFO Information
  IMPS Impossible
  IMP(T) Important
  INCD Include
  INDIV Individual
  INS Insurance
  INTST Interested
  I/O In stead of
  IOU I owe you
  IVO In view of
  MANUF Manufacture
  MDL Model
  MEMO Memorandum
  MGR Manger
  MIN Minimum
  MKT Market
  MSG Message
  NCRY Necessary
  NLT No later than
  OBS Observe
  OBT Obtain
  ORD Ordinary
  PAT Patent
  PC Piece
  PKG Packing
  PL People
  PLS Please
  POSN Position
  POSS(BL) Possible
  PROD Product
  QLTY Quality
  QUTY Quantity
  RCV Receive
  REF Reference
  REGL Regular
  REP Representative
  RESN Reservation
  RPT Repeat
  RESPON Responsible
  SEC Section
  SITN Situation
  STD Standard
  TEL Telephone
  TEMP Temporary
  TGM Telegraph
  THO Though
  TKS Thanks
  TRD Trade
  TRF Traffic
  TTL Total
  U You
  UR Your
  WK Week
  WL Will
  WT Weight
  XL Extra large
  二、字母、图像
  Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。
  C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为CZ
  P 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为PZ
  E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect.  E 数学符号表示总值。
  G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。
  Q 表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
  A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。
  B 表示商业：business。
  C× 表示冲突，矛盾：conflict，confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对，字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和confrontation。
  W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。
  i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。
  U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。如果在U内填入2××××，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。
  O 表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口，Og表示出口
  这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc.
  T 表示"领导人"：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为CT
  ⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference，negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium
  k 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery 有关的词汇。
  O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.
  J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.
  L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.
  EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.
  O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.
  三、箭头
  g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.
  表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.
  表示屈服：submit to
  f 表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.
  表示追溯到：come/go back to，originate
  h 表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.
  表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.
  表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen，promote, etc
  表示"波折"：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.
  
  四、数学符号
  + 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.
  ++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级：more
  +3 表示"多"的最高级：most
  －表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.
  × 表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.
  > 表示"多于"概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
  表示"高" 概念：superior to，surpass, etc.
  < 表示"少于"概念：less/smaller，etc.
  表示"低"概念：inferior to，etc.
  = 表示"同等"概念：means，that is to say，in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.
  表示"对手"概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.
  ( ) 表示"在......之间"：among, within, etc.
  ≠ 表示"不同"概念：be different from, etc.
  表示"无敌"概念：matchless, peerless, etc.
  ～表示"大约"概念：about/around，or so，approximately, etc.
  / 表示"否定"，"消除"等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.
  
  五、标点等
  : 表示各种各样"说"的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
  表示"问题"：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?
  . (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。"y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week", 可以表示为"wk."
  ∧表示转折
  √ 表示"好的"状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.
  表示"同意"状态，stand up for，support，agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
  ☆表示"重要的"状态：important，exemplary（模范的）best，outstanding，brilliant，etc.
  n 表示"交流"状态：exchange，mutual, etc.
  &  表示"和"，"与"：and，together with，along with，accompany，along with，further more，etc.
  ∥表示"结束"：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.
  
  六、较长单词的处理办法
  -ism   简写为  m 例如：socialism Sm
  -tion  简简写为  n 例如：standardization (标准化)  stdn
  -cian 简简写为  o 例如：technician  techo
  -ing 简写为  g 例如：marketing (市场营销) MKTg
  -ed 简写为  d 例如：accepted  acptd
  -able/ible/ble 简写为  bl 例如：available avbl
  -ment 简写为  mt 例如：amendment  amdmt
  -ize 简写为  z 例如：recognize regz
  -ful 简写为  fl 例如：meaningful mnfl