华硕主板修改开机logo:初中英语疑难例析300例 (85---130)
初中英语疑难例析300例 (85---130)
例 He may not have known this,but you may not tell him about it.
A:他也许还不知道此事,但你不可以告诉他。
B:他不可能知道此事,但你可以不告诉他。
C:他可以不知道此事,但你不可以告诉他。
D:他也许还不知道此事,但你可以不告诉他。
此题应选A。这里主要涉及 may not 的正确理解问题:
may 有两个主要用法:一是表示允许,二是表示推测。
1.表示允许,其意为“可以”,其否定式may not 意为“不可以”,相当于 must not(不可以,不准,不允许):
You may not smoke here.此处不准抽烟。
Dogs may not be taken into these carriages.狗不可带进这些车厢。
—May I use your toothbrush?我可以用你的牙刷吗?
—No,you may not.不行。
2.表示推测,其意为“可能”,其否定式may not,意为“可能不”:
He may not be right.他可能不对。
She may not be there.她可能不在那儿。
He may not have seen the film.他可能还没有看过这部电影。
They may not have known it beforehand.他们事先可能不知道。
表示推测时,要表示“不可能”,要用can't:
It can't be true.这不可能是真的。
He can't have read the book,他不可能读过此书。
86.如何回答以must,may,need.等开头的疑问句
例 —Must I do it at once?
—No,you ____ .
A.mustn't B.needn't C.can't D.don't
此题应选B。一般说来,以must 引出的一般疑问句,其否定回答通常是用 needn't(=don't have to),这与其说是一个语法问题,不如说是一个语境或上下文是否通顺的问题。
注意以下各组问答句,并注意体会其汉语译文:
1.—Must I come before dawn?我必须天亮前来吗?
—Yes,you must.是的,必须天亮前来。
—No,you needn't.不必天亮前就来。
—No,you don't have to.不必天亮前就来。
2.—May I smoke in the room?我可以在这个房间抽烟吗?
—Yes,you may.当然可以。
—Of course you may[can].当然可以。
—No,you may not[mustn't,can't].不行。(语气较生硬)
—You'd better not[Better not].最好不要抽。
—I'd rather you didn't.还是不抽的好。
—Please don't.请不要抽。
3.—Need I finish it today?我必须今天完成它吗?
—Yes,you must[have to,should].是的,今天必须完成它。
(肯定回答不能用Yes,you need,因为情态动词need 只用于否定句或疑问句,不用于肯定句)
—No,you needn't.不必今天就完成它。
—No,you don't have to.不必今天就完成它。
87.must 表示推测结构种种
例 Where is my pen?I ____ it.
A.might lose B.need have lost
C.must lose D.must have lost
此题应选D。既然现在找不到钢笔,说明丢失钢笔应该发生在过去,所以这里应该用“情态动词 +动词的完成式”来表示推测,从而排除A,C。而选项B 也不妥当,因为作为情态动词的need 通常只用于否定句或疑问句,而不用于肯定句。
must 表示推测注意以下用法:
1.对现在情况的推测,后接动词原形(多为状态动词):
He must be wrong.他一定是错了。
He must have a lot of money.他一定有很多钱。
She must know the man.她一定认识这个人。
He must be from the south.他一定是从南方来的。
表示动作正在进行,则后接动词的进行式:
Mr Smith must be waiting for us.史密斯先生一定在等我们。
She must be worrying about our safety.
他一定在为我们的安全担心。
2.表示对已经发生的事情作推测,其后接动词的完成式:
He must have arrived by now.到现在他一定到了。
What?Two o'clock?Your watch must have stopped.
什么?还是两点?你的表一定是停了。
He must have read the letter.他一定读过这封信。
有时后接动词完成进行式,表示“一定(一直)在”:
Someone must have been using it.The cover is off.
准是一直有人在用它,盖子都取下来了。
88.must 与have to 用法区别
例 I haven't got enough money to buy a ticket,so I ____ go home on foot.
A.must B.have to C.ought to D.may
此题应选B。从句意上看,只能选A,B。关于must 和have to 表示“必须”时的区别,
注意以下几点:
1.强调重点不同:must 强调主观;而 have to 强调客观:
You must go now(I want you to go now).你必须现在就走
(有“我要你现在走”之意)。
If I buy that car,I'll have to borrow some money.
如果我要买那辆汽车,我得借些钱。
2.时态形式不同:一般说来,must 只有现在时一种形式(在宾语从句中可表示过去),
而have to 则有多种时态形式:
He said(that)she must go with me.他说她一定要同我一起去。
She had to go there on foot yesterday.
昨天她不得不步行去那儿。
He has had to buy a car.他不得不买了辆小汽车。
3.have to 可以有分词、动名词、不定式等非谓语形式,而 must则没有这些形式:
He only saw her in the evening,having to be away all day.
他因整天得外出,所以只能晚上见她。
I regret to have to trouble you again.
我很抱歉不得不再麻烦你一次。
4.否定式的意义不同:must 的否定式mustn't 意为“不准”、“不允许”;
而 have to 的否定式 don't have to 意为“不必”=needn't)。
89.你知道need 的这些用法吗
例 I got up early,but I ____ so,because I had no work to do that morning.
A.needn't do B.needn't have done
C.didn't need do D.didn't need to do
此题应选B。为了弄清此题,首先我们要知道need 有情态动词和实义动词两种用法。一般说来,这两种用法在意思上没有什么差别,只是用法差别较大:
他必须去那儿吗?
正:Need he go there?(need 为情态动词)
正:Does he need to go there?(need 为实义动词)
但有时候两种用法在意思上也有较大差别:
1.a.He needn't be told.没有必要告诉他。
b.He doesn't need to be told.不需要告诉他了。(即:他已知道了)
2.didn't need to do/needn't have done:
前者表示因为没有做某事的必要,所以没有去做;
后者表示某事已经做了,但后来觉得没有必要去做,含有责备或遗憾之味:
I didn't need to get up early this morning,so I stayed in bed until 9 am.
今天早上我不必早起,所以我一直睡到上午9 点才起床。
That computer was expensive,and what's more,I didn't need
to buy such a good one.
那台电脑很贵,况且我也没有必要买那样好一台电脑。
I was the first to get there.I needn't have gone there so early.
我是第一个到那儿的人,我本来不必去那么早的。
90.情态动词后何时接一般式,何时接完成式
例 The plant is dead.I ____ _it more water.
A.should give B.should have given
C.must give D.must have given
此题应选B。从句意上看,植物既然已死了,那么后句的意思应该是:本来应该多浇水,但却没有多浇水(这是一种遗憾),所以只能选B。谈论现在的情况,情态动词后接动词原形;谈论已经发生的情况或本来应该发生但却没有发生的情况等,情态动词后要接动词的完成式。
请做以下各题:
1.Jenny ____ have kept her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
A.must B.should C.need D.would
2.We ____ last night,but we went to the concert instead.
A.must have studied B.might study
C.should have studied D.would study
3.He should not ____ me your secret,but he meant no harm.
A.have told B.tell
C.be telling D.having told
4.I told Sally how to get here,but perhaps I ____ it out for her.
A.had to write B.must have written
C.should have written D.ought to write
答案:1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C
91.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
例 If he was here,he ____ us how to do it.
A.told B.would tell C . had told D.had told
此题应选B。该题考察与现在事实相反的虚拟语气;此时条件从句的谓语动词用过去式,主句的谓语则要用would(should, could,might)+动词原形:
If there were no subjunctive mood,English would be much easier.
要是没有虚拟语气,英语就会容易得多了。
If I knew his telephone number,I would ring him up.
我要是知道他的电话号码,我就给他打电话了。
在虚拟条件句中,动词be 的过去式通常用were(不管是单数还是复数),
但在现代英语中,单数情况也可以用was:
We could ask him if he were[was]here.
他要是在这里,我们就可以问问他了。
但是在某些表达(If I were you,as it were 等)中,
be 只用were这一形式:
If I were you,I should go and see the doctor at once.
假若我是你,我会马上去看医生。
The sky is covered,as it were,with a black curtain.
天空好像是被黑幕遮住了似的。
有时虚拟条件句也可能用could,might 等,那多半是因为语义的需要:
If he could help you,he would help you.
要是他能够帮助你的话,他会帮助你的。
92.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
例 —If he ____ ,he ____ that food.
—Lucykily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A.was warned,would not take
B.had been warned,would not have taken
C.would be warned,had not taken
D.would have been warned,had not taken
此题应选B。该题考察与过去事实相反的虚拟语气;此时条件从句的谓语用had + 过去分词,主句的谓语用would(should, could,might)+have +过去分词:
1.If she had worked harder,she ____ .
A.would succeed B.had succeeded
C.should succeed D.would have succeeded
2.If my lawyer ____ here last Saturday,he ____ me from going.
A.had been,would have prevented
B.had been,would prevent
C.were,would
D.were,would have prevented
3.I didn't see your sister at the meeting.If she ____ , she would have met my brother.
A.has come B.did come
C.came D.had come
4.You didn't let me drive.If we ____ in turn,you ____ sotired.
A.drove,didn't get
B.drove,wouldn't get
C.were driving,wouldn't get
D.had driven,wouldn't have got
答案:1.D 2.A 3.D 4.D
93.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气
例 If we ____ 200 years old,we ____ everything.
A.were to be,could change
B.had been,changed
C.were,would have changed
D.should be,changed
此题应选A。该题考察与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,此时的主句谓语通常用would(should,could,might) +动词原形,而从句谓语可能有以下几种情况:
1.从句谓语用过去式:
If your father knew this,he would be angry.
要是你父亲知道了,他会生气的。
If it rained tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off.
要是明天下雨,运动会就推迟。
2.从句谓语用 should +动词原形(通常指可能性极小的事情,一般译为“万一”):
If it should rain,the crops would be saved.
要是有雨,这庄稼还有救。
此类句型的主句谓语有时可以用祈使句甚至将来时态:
If it should rain tomorrow,don't expect me.
万一明天下雨,就不要等我了。
If I should be free tomorrow,I will come.
万一我明天有空,我就来。
3.从句谓语用 were to +动词原形(通常指可能性极小或近乎不可能,有时指出乎意料):
If the sun were to rise in the west,my love for you would not change.
即使太阳从西边出,我对你的爱也不会变。
94.你会正确使用虚拟语气的倒装形式吗
例 ____ your address,I woulu have written to you.
A.Did I know B.Were I to know
C.Had I known D.If I should know
此题应选C。这是虚拟语气的倒装形式。当虚拟条件句中含有 were,had,should,could 等动词时,可以将if 省略,然后将were,had,should,could 等词移至句首:
1.If he should fail,he would kill himself.
→Should he fail,he would kill himself.万一失败,他就会自杀。
2.If I were you,I would do it at once.
→Were I you,I would do it at once.假若我是你,我就会马上做。
3.If I could do it,I would.
→Could I do it,I would.要是我能做此事,我一定会做。
4.If he had you yesterday,he would have asked you about it.
→Had he seen you yesterday,he would have asked you about it.
他昨天要是看到了你,他就会问你这事了。
顺便说一句,以上移至句首的had 不一定是助动词,如果是实义动词也可倒装:
If he had money,he would buy a car.
→Had he money,he would buy a car.他要是有钱,他就会买一辆小车。
95.哪些动词接的宾语从句通常要用虚拟语气
例 The guard at the gate insisted that everyone ____ the rules.
A.obeys B.obey
C.will obey D.would obey
此题应选B。一般说来,在一些表示坚持(insist),命令(order,command),建议(suggest,advise),要求(require,demand) 等动词之后的宾语从句中,谓语一般要用“should +动词原形(其中的should 在美国英语中常省略,但是引导从句的that 通常不省略):
He ordered that the medicine(should) be sent by a special plane.
他命令用专机来运送药品。
I demanded that I(should)be allowed to call my lawyer.
我要求允许我找我的律师。
注意insist 和suggest 的用法要分两种情况:
1.insist 表示“坚持要”、“一定要”,从句多指尚未实现的想法,谓语通常用虚拟语气(should +v);表示“坚持说”、“坚持认为”,从句所指的多为已经发生的事或已存在的状态,谓语用陈述语气:
I insisted that he(should)go.我坚持要他去。
I insisted that he was wrong.我坚持认为他错了。
2.suggest 表示“建议”,其后接that 从句,一般要用虚拟语气;
若表示“暗示”、“表明”,则其后所接that 从句要用陈述语气:
She suggested that we(should)leave early.她建议我们早点动身。
Her suggested that she was angry.她的表情表明她生气了。
96.I wish 后从句用虚拟语气的三种形式
例 I wish you ____ him my telephone number,but you did.
A.didn't give B.hadn't given
C.wouldn't give D.shouldn't give
此题应选B。I wish 后接宾语从句时,谓语有三种可能:
1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望,用过去时:
I wish I were a teacher.我要是一位老师就好了。
I wish I remembered her address.我要是记得她的地址就好了。
2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望,用过去完成时:
How I wish I had seen her off at the station,but I was too busy.
我要是去车站送过她就好了,但我太忙了。
3.表示与将来事实相反的愿望,用could/would +/might + 动词原形:
I wish he would come at once.我真希望他马上来。
类似地,以下结构也与wish 情况类似(从句分三种情况):
1.If only(但愿):用法与含义均与I wish 相似,
以上各例中的I wish 均可用If only 代之,含义大致相同。
2.as if/though(好像):
She loves the child as if he were her own.
她疼爱这孩子,就像是她自己的孩子一样。(与现在事实相反)
He talks as if he had been there many times.
他说起话来好像是去过那儿多次似的。(与过去事实相反)
He speaks as if he would die soon.
听他说话那语气好像不久就要死似的。(与将来事实相反)
97.你知道 I would rather 后接从句时谓语用何形式吗
例 —Shall I open the window?
—I'd rather you ____ .
A.can't B.won't C.didn't D.hadn't
此题应选 C。关于would rather 后从句谓语的形式,
注意以下几点:
1.指现在或将来用一般过去时:
Don't come today.I'd rather you came tomorrow.
你不要今天来,我宁愿你明天来。
—Can I smoke here?我可以在这里抽烟吗?
—Oh,I'd rather you didn't.哦,你最好别抽。
2.指过去用过去完成时:
I'd rather I hadn't met her at the party.
我真希望在晚会上没有见到她。
I'd rather he hadn't told me about it.
我宁愿他没有告诉我这事还好些。
在谈到过去的情况时,I'd rather 与 I wish,If only 的意思和用法很接近,有时可换用;
当时我要是没有给他打电话就好了。
正:I'd rather I hadn't telephoned him.
正:I wish I hadn't telephoned him.
正:If only I hadn't telephoned him.
有时would rather 后的从句谓语也可用其它时态形式(比如在谈到现在情况时有时可用现在时态:I'd rather you go home now),但是这些用法在现代英语中很少见,建议考生在应试时要避免。
98.It's time 后的从句谓语用何形式
例 It's time the child ____ to bed.
A.goes B.going C.went D.to go
此题应选 C。关于 It's time + that 从句,注意以下几点:
1.从句谓语通常用过去时态或 should + 动词原形:
It's time we started.我们该动身了。
It is time that you left here.你该离开这儿了。
It's time you studied hard.你该努力学习了。
有时也用 should + 动词原形或甩过去进行时,有时甚至将should省略
(即只用动词原形,为非正式的美国口语):
我们该走了。
正:It is time we left.(常见)
正:It is time we should leave.(可用)
正:It is time we were leaving.(可用)
正:It is time we leave.(少见,非正式美国口语)
2.其它几点注意处:
1)其中的 It is 有时根据情况也可改为 It was,其后的时态不受影响:
你该上床睡觉了。
正:It is time you went to bed.(指现在而言)
正:It was time you went to bed.(指过去而言)
2)time 前可以用high,about 等修饰。
It is high time you told her the truth.你该把真相告诉她了。
It is about time that I wrote her a letter.我该给她写封信了。
99.什么是含蓄虚拟语气
例 He studied hard,otherwise he ____ so hard a test.
A.didn't pass B.couldn't pass
C.hadn't passed D.couldn't have passed
此题应选D。其中的otherwise 含蓄地暗示一种虚拟条件,相当于if he hadn't studied hard。
英语中用某种词汇或语法手段含蓄地暗示虚拟条件的方式比较多,
下面略举几例,供考生参考:
With more money [If I had more money],I could do it better.
要是我有更多的钱,我会做得更好。
But for his help [if it were not for his help],we couldn't get over the difficulties.
要是没有他的帮助,我们就无法克服这些困难。
I'm really busy,or[if I weren't so busy,] I would certainly go with you.
我确实太忙了,要不然我一定跟你们一块儿去。
Meeting [If we had met] anywhere else , we couldn't have recognized each other.
要是在别处见面,我们俩彼此是不会认出来的。
To hear him speak English [If one were to hear him speak English],one would think him an Englishman.
你要是听他说英语,一定会认为他是一个英国人。
An honest man would not say this[If he were an honest man,he would not say this].
一个诚实的人就不会说这样的话。
100.什么是错综时间虚拟语气
例 If you ____ the doctor's advice,you ____ quite well now.
A.took,would be B.had taken,had been
C.should take,were D.had taken,would be
此题应选D。从句意上看,条件从句的谓语显然发生在过去,而主句的谓语显然是现在,也就是说从句表示的是与过去事实相反的假设(用过去完成时),而主句表示的是与现在事实相反的假设(用 would + 动词原形)。英语中像这种主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句称为错综时间条件句。又如:
If we hadn't got everything ready by now,we should be
Having a terrible time tomorrow.
如果现在还没有把一切准备好,明天情况就糟了。
If we hadn't been working hard in the past few years,
things wouldn't be going so smoothly.
要是过去几年没有作艰苦努力,现在的一切就不会进行得这样顺利了。
If you had studied hard last year,you would be a college student now.
你要是去年学习努力的话,你现在就是大学生了。
If the weather had been more favorable,the crops would be growing.still better.
如果过去天气好一些,现在的庄稼还会长得更好。
If he were alive now,he might have grown into a handsome young person.
要是他现在还活着的话,他会已长成一个英俊的小伙子了。
101.连系动词有被动语态吗
例 Her forehead ____ hot.I'm afraid she is ill.
A.is feeling B.feels
C.is felt D.has been felt
此题应选B。容易误选C,因为从意义上看,“前额”应该是“被摸”,
所以不少考生误入C 的陷阱。
英语中look(看起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来)等表示感官的连系动词,它们在意义上是被动的,但在形式上却不能是被动的(因为连系动词是不及物动词,不可能有被动形式)。同时,以上连系动词在表示以上意义时,通常也不用于进行时态(除look 外)。
1.The picture ____ beautiful.
A.is looked B.has looked
C.will be looked D.looks
2.The soup ____ very nice.
A.smells B.is smelt
C.is smelling D.smells to be
3.As is known to us all,glass ____ smooth.
A.feels B.is felt C.is feeling D.will feel
若以上动词不是用作连系动词,而是用作实义动词;或者即使是用作连系动词,而不表示以上意思,则可用进行时态:
Are you feeling any better?你感到好些了吗?
He was tasting the pudding.他在尝布丁。
答案:1.D 2.A 3.A
102.连系动词后可以接to be 吗 例 The story sounds ____ . A.to be true B.as true C.being true D.true 此题应选D。该题很容易误选A。这里涉及连系动词后是否接to be的题: 1.在seem,appear,prove,continue 等连系动词以及用作连系动词的短语tum out 等之后,可以接to be,但可省略: He seems(to be) sad.他似乎很伤心。 He appears(to be) angry.他似乎生气了。 The news tumed out[proved](to be)false.那消息结果是假的。 2.在feel,smell,sound,taste 等连系动词后不接to be: 这汤味道不错。 正:The soup tastes nice. 误:The soup tastes to be nice. 在look(看起来)之后是否接to be,语法专家意见不一,但总的说来,以不用为佳。 3.在表语形容词前的to be 通常不省略: He seems[appears]to be asleep.他似乎睡着了。 He seemed to be awake when I went into his room. 我进屋时,他似乎醒了。 He doesn't seem to be afraid of it.他似乎不怕它。 He seems quite sure of it.他似乎对此很有把握。 She appeared to be very fond of the book. 她似乎很喜欢这本书。 103.要分清是连系动词还是实义动词 例 a.He looks ____ . b.He looked ____ at his broken car. A.sad,sad B.sadly,sadly C.sad,sadly D.sadly,sad 此题应选C。这里要分清look 用作实义动词和连系动词的两种不同用法。从句意和结构上看:a 句中的look 是连系动词(句意为:他看起来很伤心),所以此句用形容词sad 作表语。b 句中的look 是实义动词(句意为:他伤心地看着他的破汽车;另外句子中的介词at 也给我们一定的提示),所以此句用副词sadly 作状语。 以下各例也涉及实义动词和连系动词的两种用法: 1.a.Hearing this,she felt ____ . b.I felt ____ we should take some action. A.happy,strong B.happily,strongly C.happy,strongly D.happily,strong 2.a.The dog is too dirty and smells ____ . b.The dog can't be used for hunting,for he smells ____ . A.bad,bad B.badly,badly C.bad,badly D.badly,bad 3. a.He worked very hard,and his dream came ____ at last。 b.The boy came ____ to the shop with the money his mother gave him. A.true,happy B.truly,happily C.truly,happy D.true,happily 答案:1.C 2.C 3.D 104.连系动词come,go 有何差别 例 It was a pity that he ____ blind,but to the joy of his family, his dream of becoming a musician ____ true at last. A.came,came B.went,went C.came,went D. went,came 此题应选D。句中的go,come 都是连系动词,两者在用法上应注意: 1.两者用作连系动词,都可表示事物的变化。一般说来,go 主要用于“坏”的变化,而come 主要用于“好”的变化: These apples have gone bad.这些苹果变坏了。 Something has gone wrong with the radio. 这部收音机什么地方出毛病了。 Her mother has gone mad.她母亲疯了。 Things will come right.一切都会顺利的。 My dream has come true.我的梦想实现了。 2.表示像人的生理变化,通常用go:go blind 变瞎 go deaf 变聋 go grey 两鬓渐白 go bald 变秃但是注意:go 一般不与 old,tired,ill 等连用。 3.在表示颜色方面的变化时,通常用go(有时也用turn,但语气更正式): Leaves go[turn]brown in autumn.秋季树叶变黄。 She went[turned]pale at the news.她听到这个消息脸色变得苍白。 His hair was going[turning]grey.他的头发慢慢地变白了。 105.并列主语受every,each 修饰,谓语用单数还是复数 例 Every boy and girl ____ the film. Each boy and girl ____ the film. A.likes,likes B.like,like C.likes,like D.like,likes 此题应选A。该题容易误选B,认为主语部分含有boy 和girl 两部分,应该用复数。 其实当两个并列主语受到each,every,no 等词修饰时,其谓语通常要用单数: Each boy and(each)girl was in white. 每个男孩和女孩都穿着白衣服。 Every man and woman was interested in it. 每一个男人和女人都对此感兴趣。 Each book and each paper was in proper place. 每本书和每张报纸都摆放得井井有条。 Every man and(every) woman in the village knows this. 这个村子里的男男女女都知道这事。 Every boy and every girl is given an apple. 每个男孩和每个女孩都被发给一个苹果。 No teacher and(no)student was present. 没有一个老师和学生出席。 He listened carefully,but no sound and no voice was heard. 他仔细地听,但是没听到一点声音。 106.each 用作主语同位语,谓语用单数还是复数 例 a.Each student ____ a dictionary. b.The students each ____ a dictionary. A.have,have B.have,has C.has,have D.has,has 此题应选C。a 句的谓语用单数,这很显然。b 句的谓语要用复数,这点考生很容易出错。其实a,b 两句的意思是一样的(=每个学生都有一本字典),但是注意:b 句真正的主语是the stu-dents,其后的each是主语的同位语,由于谓语是与主语保持一致(而不是与其同位语保持一致),所以此句要选have。 请看以下例句: We each have a computer. 我们每人都有一台电脑。 They each have read the book. 他们每个人都读过这本书。 The young people each carry a big bag. 这些年轻人个个背着一个大袋子。 My brother and I each have a car. 我和我兄弟每人都有一辆小汽车。 顺便说一句,若用each of 作主语,其谓语通常是用单数, 但在口语或非正式英语中也可用复数 (不如用单数常见): Each of the boys was[were]deeply frightened. 男孩子们个个都惊恐万分。 Each of these books was[were]interesting. 这些书当中每一本都很有趣。 Each of the students has his[have their]own books. 每个学生都有自己的书。 107.谓语应该跟主语一致还是跟表语一致 例 We Chinese ____ a hard-working people. A.is B.are C.is Being D . are Being 此题应选B。这里考生要注意的是:我们通常说的是主谓一致(即谓语与主语保持一致),而不是表谓一致(即不是谓语与表语一致),本题意为:我们中国人是一个勤劳的民族。 注意以下类似例子: These two dictionaries are a present for my best friend Jim. 这两本词典是我送给我最好朋友吉姆的礼物。 The planets were the object of his study. 这些行星是他研究的目标。 The most important thing I need is books. 我需要的最重要的东西是书。 The country's leading export is watches. 这个国家的主输出品是手表。 The best part of the meal is the coffee and cookies. 这餐饭最好的部分是咖啡和饼干。 但是有些主语由于本身具有单数和复数两种可能,它的谓语到底用单数还是复数,要看具体的语境(多数情况是看其后面词语的单复数): 1.a.Who is your brother? 谁是你的兄弟? b.Who are your brothers? 哪些是你的兄弟? 2.a.What he said is quite correct. 他所说的完全正确。 b.What he left me are only a few old books. 他给我留下的只是几本旧书。 108.集合名词作主语,谓语的数如何确定 例 1.His family ____ a small one. 2.His family ____fat and short. A.is,is B.are,are C.is,are D.are,is 此题应选C。family 是一个集合名词,具有单数(侧重指整体)和复数(侧重指个体)两种可能。类似这种用法的词主要的有: team(队,队员),class(班,班上的全体学生), crowd(人群),govemment(政府),crew(乘务员), committee(委员会,委员们),audience(听众)等: 1.a.This class consists of 45 students.Mr Green teaches it. 这个班45 个学生,由格林先生教。 b.This class are all diligent.Mr Green teaches them. 这个班的学生都很用功,由格林先生教。 2.a.The team is the best in the league. 这个队在联赛中打得最好。 b.The football team are having baths. 足球队队员们在洗澡。 3.a.It was late,but the audience was increasing. 时间很迟了,但听众人数却在增加。 b.The audience were all moved to tears. 听众都感动得流了泪。 但是并不是所有的集合名词都具有以上两种用法: 1.有的集合名词总是用作单数(不可数):clothing 衣服,poetry 诗歌,baggage/luggage 行李,furniture 家俱, machinery 机械,scenery 景色,jewellery 珠宝等 2.有的集合名词总是表示复数意义(但不用复数形式): people 人,police 警察,cattle 牲口等. 109.这类结构的谓语应与哪个主语保持一致 例 A library with five thousand books ____ to the nation as a gift. A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered 此题应选A。用连词and 连接的两个并列主语,其谓语要用复数,但是若主语跟有with,like,but,except,besides,includ-ing,together with,along with,as well as,more than,no less than,rather than 等连接的另一个名词,其谓语通常要与前面一个主语保持一致: 1.Nobody but Betty and Mary ____ late for class yesterday. A.was B.were C.has been D.have been 2.A woman with some children ____ soon. A.is coming B.are coming C.has come D.have come 3.No one except my parents ____ anything about this。 A.know B.knows C.is known D.are known 4.The teacher as well as the students ____ the book already. A.has read B.have read C.are reading D.is reading 5.All but one ____ in the accident. A.was killed B.were killed C.will be killed D.are killed 答案:1.A 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.B 110.这类并列主语中谓语应与哪个保持一致 例 a.You or he ____ to blame. b. ____ you or he to blame? A.is,is B.are,Are C.is,Are D. are,is 此题应选C。在通常情况下,两个并列主语由or,either…or,neither…nor,not...but,not only…but(also)等连接时,其谓语通常与第二个主语(即临近的一个主语)保持一致: 1.One or two days ____ enough to see the city. A.is B.are C.am D.be 2.Neither my wife nor I myself ____ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind. A.is B.are C.am D.be 3.Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another. A.is B.are C.am D.be 4.Not the teacher,but the students ____ looking forward to seeing the film. A.is B.are C.am D.be 注意在疑问句中则通常与第一个主语(即临近的一个主语) 保持一致: a.You or he is to blame.你或他有一人要受责备。 b.Are you or he to blame?受责备的是你还是他? 顺便说一句,在现代英语中用 neither?nor,either?or 等连接主语时也可一律用复数(但考生在应试时应避免)。 答案:1.B 2.C 3.B 4.B 111.这类结构中谓语的数取决于形式还是意义 例 a.More than one boy ____ read the story. b.More boys than one ____ read the story. A.have,have B.has,has C.have,has D.has,have 此题应选D。该题很容易误选A,认为既然more than one 意为“不只一个”(=多个),那么其谓语就应该用复数。其实more than one 用作主语时,谓语通常要用单数(要从形式一致来考虑)。more than one用作主语时,要注意以下两个结构: a.“more than one + 单数名词”用作主语,其谓语通常用单数(即从形式考虑) b.“more +复数名词 +than one”用作主语,其谓语通常要用复数也就是说,以上结构中名词的数决定其后动词的数。 不只一个学生受到惩罚。 正:More than one student was punished. 正:More students than one were punished。 类似以上用法的还有: a.many a +单数名词(意为:许多),用作主语,谓语用单数(即从形式一致考虑) b.many + 复数名词(意为:许多),用作主语,谓语要用复数也就是说,以上结构中名词的数决定其后动词的数。 很多小孩在那儿玩。 正:Many a child was playing there. 正:Many children were playing there. 112.the number of/a number of 与主谓一致 例 The number of people invited to the party ____ fifty,but a number of them ____absent for different reasons. A.were,was B.was,was C.was,were D.were,were 此题应选C。注意以下两个结构: 1.“the number of +复数名词”,指数量的总和,若用作主语,其谓语用单数: The number of people present was much greater than we expected. 到场人数大大超出我们的意料。 The number of students is 4000.学生人数为 4000。 2.“a number of +复数名词”,意为“许多”(= a lot of),若用作主语,其谓语用复数: A number of people were absent from the meeting.许多人开会缺席。 A number of bottles were broken.许多瓶子都被摔破了。 类似的有: a.the variety of +复数名词→用作主语,谓语用单数 b.a variety of +复数名词→用作主语,谓语用复数 The variety of his books is astonishing.他的藏书的品种多得令人吃惊。 The variety of goods in this shop is rich.这家商店的品种丰富。 A variety of books have been published.已出版了各种各样的书。 113.the rest(of)等作主语,谓语的数取决于什么 例 a.The rest of the boys ____ watching TV. b.The rest of the money ____ stolen. A.were,were B.was,were C.were,was D.was,was 此题应选C。all,most,some,half,percent,the rest 等词语后接介词of 再接名词用作主语时,若该名词为可数名词的复数形式,则其谓语要用复数形式;若该名词为不可数名词或可数名词的单数形式,则其谓语要用单数形式: 1.a.Most of the apples are bad.这些苹果当中大部分是坏的。 b.Most of the apple is bad.这个苹果坏了一大部分。 c.Most of the time was spent on it.这上面花了大部分时间。 2.a.Half of the buildings were destroyed in the fire. 有一半的楼房在大火中被毁。 b.Half of the building was destroyed in the fire. 这座大楼在大火中有一半被毁。 c.Half of the money was spent on food.有一半的钱用来买食物。 3.a.30 percent of the workers here are women. 这里的工人有30%是女性。 b.30 percent of the work has been done.有30%的工作已完成。 c.30 percent of the wall has been painted.墙壁有30%已被刷漆。 114.means 何时是单数何时是复数 例 All possible means ____ been tried. Every possible means ____ been tried. A.have,have B.has,has C.have,has D.has,have 此题应选C。名词means(方法)的单复数同形,用作主语时,其谓语的单复数要视具体含义而定: 1.如果means 与all,such,these,those 等词连用,则其含义应该是复数: Such means sound interesting,but in fach they're impossible. 那样的方法听起来有趣,但实际上是不可能的。 2.如果means 与a,such a,this,that,every 等词连用,则其含义应该是单数: Such a means is really unpleasant. 这样的方法确实是令人不愉快的。 There is an effective means of doing it. 做此事有一种很有效的方法。 3.有时从句意和上下文无法确定means 到底是单数还是复数,则其谓语用单数或复数均可以: 做这事还有其它的什么办法吗? 正:Are there any other means of doing it? 正:Is there any other means of doing it? 没有好的方法。 正:There is no good means. 正:There are no good means. 115.学习强调句要注意哪些 例 Was it in this palace ____the emperor died? A.that B.in which C.in where D.which 此题应选A 。这是一个强调句型。强调句的基本结构为: It is[ was] +被强调部分 +that +其它部分 He bought the book in this shop yesterday. →It was he that bought the book in this shop yesterday. (强调主语he) →It was the book that he bought in this shop yesterday. (强调宾语the book) →It was in this shop that he bought the book yesterday. (强调地点状语in this shop) 另外注意以下两点: 1.当被强调部分指人时,可以用who 代that;但是当被强调部分指物时通常不宜用which 来代that(尽管有人用which,但很不常见,考试时应避免),另外当被强调部分为时间或地点状语时,一般也不宜用when/where 代that(尤其是当这些状语为介词短语时)。 2.被强调的成分除了是名词、代词、介词短语等之外,也可以是从句(但通常不能是由since,as 引导的原因状语从句或由al-though 引导的让步状语从句): It was because he loved my money that he married me. 他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。 116.强调句的特殊疑问形式 例 Who was ____that stole the bike? A.it B.that C.he D.this 此题应选A 。这是强调句的特殊疑问句形式,做这类题考生最容易出错的在于不能识别这是强调句。 比较: a.It was Mary that said that.(对Mary 提问) → Who was it that said that? b.It was in 1949 that he joined the Party.(对 in 1949 提问) → When was it that he joined the Party? 请做以下各题: 1.Who was it ____put so many large stones on the road? A.this B.that C.he D.she 2 .What was It ____he lost on the bus the day before yesterday? A.this B.that C.what D.when 3.When was ____that the general manager left for Japan? A.he B.it C.that D.since 4.Why was ____that the old woman was sent to prison? A.he B.it C.that D.because 5.What a silly mistake it is ____you've made! A.it B.this C.that D.which 答案:1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.C 例 It might have been John ____bought a new book for Mary yesterday. A.what B.since C.that D.then 此题应选C 。此题的难点在于考生看不出这是一个强调句型,因为主句的谓语动词be 采用了might have been 这一复杂形式。此句若改为非强调句,则可以是: John might have bought a new book for Mary yesterday. 约翰昨天可能给玛丽买了一本新书。 将此句改为强调句(强调主语),则可以有两种形式: a .It is John that might have bought a new book for Mary yesterday. b.It might have been John that bought a new book for Mary yesterday. 又如: It must be a girl that wrote the letter.写这封信的一定是个女孩。 It might be yesterday that he left for Beijing.他可能是昨天去北京的。 Can it be Jim that has stolen the money?偷钱的会是吉姆吗? It may be next week that he leaves for Paris.他可能是下个星期去巴黎。 It might have been her boyfriend that bought so nice a hand-bag for her. 给她买那样好看一个手提包的可能是她的男朋友。 118.你会将not …until 用于强调句型吗 例 It was not ____he took off his dark glasses ____I realized he was a famous singer. A.when,that B.until,that C.until,when D.when,then 此题选B 。考察not until 的强调结构,其基本句型为: It is[ was] not until(时间状语)that(不用否定) 他妻子走了之后他才来。 正:He didn't come until his wife left. 正:It was not until his wife left that he came. 直到雨停他们才出发。 正:They didn't start until the rain stopped. 正:It was not until the rain stopped that they started. 请做以下各题: 1.It was not until midnight ____the noise of the street stopped. A.that B.this C.since D.at which 2.It was not ____1920 ____regular radio broadcast began. A.for,that B.until,that C.for,when D.until,when 3.It was not ____you had explained how ____I managed to do it. A.for,that B.until,that C.for,when D.until,when 答案:1.A 2.B 3.B 119.It is …that 通常不能强调哪些成分 例 It was a teacher that she ____. A.was B.seemed C.looked D.married 此题应选D 。从句意上看似乎4 个选项都行,其实这里只能填D 。因为填A,B,C 中的任意一个选项,都会导致句中的a teacher 成为表语,然而按照强调句句法规则,It is …that 这一强调句型是不能强调表语的。一般说来,以下成分不能用于强调句中的被强调部分: 1.表语: 她很美。 正:She is beautiful. 误:It is beautiful that she is. 但是宾语补足语却可以用作被强调部分: 他们选他担任主席。 正:They elected him chairman. 正:It was chairman that they elected him. 2.since,as 原因状语从句(但because 从句却可以): 他不能来是因为他病了。 正:It is because he is ill that he can't come. 误:It is since[ as] he's ill that he can't come. 3.although 引导的让步状语从句: 虽然累了,但他还是去了。 正:He went although he was tired. 误:It was although he was tired that he went. 120.这是强调句吗 例 It was 9 o'clock ____he came back last night. A.that B.when C.since D.this 此题应选B 。容易误选A,误认为这是强调句型。假若这里填that,构成强调句型,那么被强调的 9 o'clock 是什么成分呢(注意它不能作状语)?但是若在 9 o'clock 前加一个介词(at,after,before 等),则可以填that 构成强调句。 试比较: It was at ten o'clock that he came back.他回来时是10 点钟。 It was after ten o'clock that he came back.他是在10 点过后回来的。 It was before ten o'clock that he came back.他是在10 点前回来的。 以上分析告诉我们,上题填that 不对(除非 9 o'clock 前有介词)。那么填when 又作何解释呢?本题填when,全句构成主从复合句,其中的when 引导时间状语从句(意为“当…的时候”),全句意为:当他回来时,时间是晚上9 点。 再请比较: a.It was lunchtime when he called.当他来访时,已是吃中饭的时候。 b.It was at lunchtime that he called.他是在吃中饭的时候来访的。 121.反意问句何时用肯定何时用否定 例 He never comes late, ____ he? A.does B.doesn't C.is D.isn't 此题应选A。容易误选B。按照构成反意问句的一般规则:当陈述部分为肯定式时,反意问句要用否定式;陈述部分为否定式时,反意问句要用肯定式: He gets up at six in the morning,doesn't he?他早上6 点起床,是吗? He doesn't get up at six in the morning,does he? 他早上不是在6 点起床,是吗? 另外,若陈述部分含有seldom,hardly,never,rarely,few,nothing,nowhere 等否定词或半否定词,则其反意问句部分要用肯定式: Dick rarely got drunk,did he?迪克很少喝醉,是吗? Few people like such a man,do they?很少有人会喜欢那样的人,是吗? He seldom comes to see you,does he?他很少来看你,是吗? Nothing in the book is interesting,is it? 这本书里没有一点是有趣的,是吗? 但是,若陈述部分有否定前缀,反意问句仍用否定式: It is unfair,isn't it?这不公平,不是吗? He is unknown,isn't he?他不出名,是吗? 122.反意问句的主语有何要求 例 Peter likes history, ____ ? A.doesn't Peter B.doesn't he C.does Peter D.does he 此题应选B。容易误选A。关于反意问句的主语问题,以下几点要注意: 1.在通常情况下,反意问句部分的主语只能是代词: 这男孩很聪明,是吗? 正:The boy was clever wasn't he? 误:The boy was clever, wasn't the boy? 2.当陈述部分为there be 句型时,反意问句仍用there 作“主语”(实为引导词): There's rice in it,isn't there?里面是大米,是吗? 3.当陈述部分的主语是this,that,these,those 等指示代词时,反意问句用it,they 等代词: That is a new car,isn't it?这是一辆新汽车,是吗? 4.当陈述部分用不定代词one 作主语时,其反意问句可用one(正式)或you(非正式): One can't be too careful,can one[you]?越仔细越好,不是吗? 5.当陈述部分的主语是somebody,someone,everyone,ev-erybody,no one,nobody 等时,其反意问句的主语在正式文体中用he,在口语或非正式文体中通常用they: Nobody came,did he[they]?没有人来,是吗? 6 . 当陈述部分的主语是something , anything , nothing ,everything.等时,其反意问句的主语通常用it:Nothing is new,is it?没有什么是新的,是吗? 123.如何理解这个aren't I 例 I'm your friend, ____ ? A.amn't I B.amn't you C.aren't I D.aren't you 此题应选C。容易误选A。这是一种比较特殊的反意问句,即陈述部分是I'm 结构时,反意问句通常要用aren't I。产生这种特殊现象的主要原因是:因为反意问句为否定式时通常要缩写(若不缩写则用较正式的am I not),而amnot 在标准英语中又没有相应的缩写式,所以人们便用aren't 来代之。 但是值得注意的是aren't 只适用于单数第一人称的问句形式(不能用于陈述句): 正:I'm wrong,aren't I?我错了,是吗? 正:Aren't I clever?我是不是很聪明? 误:I aren't clever.(我不聪明) 正:I'm not clever.我不聪明。 顺便说一句,在英语的方言和未受过教育的人使用的语言中,还有一个缩写式用得很经常,就是ain't,它可以代表 am not,are not,is not,has not,have not 等(考试时应避免): I ain't going to tell you about it.我不准备把此事告诉你。 My girlfriend ain't come for weeks.我的女朋友有好几个星期没有来了。 Don't speak to me like that—you ain't my boss. 不要那样对我说话,你又不是我的老板。 —It's raining.下雨了。 —No,it ain't.没有下。 124.陈述部分有动词have,反意问句如何构成 例 He hasn't a lot of time to spare, ____ he? A.has B.does C.hasn't D.doesn't 此题应选A。容易误选B。关于陈述部分含有动词have 时,其反意问句的动词形式应注意以下几点: 1.当have 为助动词时,其反意问句沿用同样的助动词: He has read it,hasn't he?他读过它了,是吗? 2.当have 为实义动词时,要分两种情况: 1)若表示“所有”,反意问句可以沿用陈述部分的have,也可以用do 的适当形式: He has a computer,hasn't[doesn't]he?他有一台电脑,是吗? 但是若陈述部分为have 的否定式,则反意问句用have 还是用do,取决于陈述部分的动词形式: He hasn't any money,has he?他没有钱,是吗? He doesn't have any money,does he?他没有钱,是吗? 2)表示“所有”以外的意思时,反意问句要用do: He has supper at 5,doesn't he?他5 点吃晚餐,是吗? He had a good time at the party,didn't he? 他在晚会上玩得很开心,是吗? 3.当用于have to(必须,不得不)时,通常也有两种可能:若是表示经常性的行为,则多用加助动词do 的形式;若是表示特定的行为,则多沿用陈述部分的have: He often has to get up early,doesn't he?他经常要早起,是吗? He has to go to bed late tonight,hasn't he?他今晚要迟睡,是吗? 125.含有情态动词的句子如何变为反意问句 例 He must have watched TV last night, ____ he? A.musntn't B.needn't C.didn't D.haven't 此题应选C。容易误选A。关于陈述部分含有情态动词的反意问句,其变化形式比较复杂, 现总结如下: 1.当陈述部分含有must 表示必须或有必要时,其反意问句可用musnt't 或needn't: You must go there at once,mustn't[needn't]you? 他必须(有必要)马上去那儿,是吗? 但是若陈述部分有mustn't 表示禁止,反意问句要用must: You mustn't laugh,must you?你不准笑,知道吗? 2.当陈述部分有must 表示推测时,反意问句不能用must,而应根据must 后的动词结构采用相应的动词形式: He must be tired,isn't he?他一定累了,是吗? He must have read it,hasn't[didn't]he?他一定读过它,是吗? He must have left yesterday,didn't he?他昨晚一定走了,是吗? (句中因用yesterday,故用didn't) 3.当陈述部分含有may 时,其反意问句根据情况可以用mayn't,mightn't,won't 等: I may leave now,mayn't I?我可以走了,行吗? He may be here next week,mightn't[won't]he? 他下星期可能来这里,是吗? 4.当陈述部分有used to 时,反意问句可用used to/did: He used to come here,usedn't[didn't]he? 他过去常来这儿,是吗? 126.陈述部分有Let's/Let us,如何构成反意问句 例 a.Let us tell you what has happened, ____ you? b.If you want to go,let us go together, ____ we? A.will,will B.shall,shall C.shall,will D.will,shall 此题应选 D。容易误选A。不少人认为:陈述部分为 let us (分开写)时,反意问句就一定用 will you;而陈述部分为 let's(缩写)时,反意问句就一定要用 shall we。其实这种说法是不准确的。 为了弄清这个问题,首先要区别 let us /let's: 1.let us 中的us 既可指说话者一方(此时表示请求或命令),也可以指说话者和听话者双方(此时表示建议或劝诱,此用法较正式)。 2.let's 中的's(=us)则一定指说话者和听话者双方(表示建议或劝诱),不能指说话者一方(即不能用来表示命令或请求)。 弄清了以上区别,便可讨论其反意问句了:一般说来,表示请求或命令(此时须分写为let us)时,反意问句要用will you;表示建议或劝诱(此时可缩写或分开写)时,反意问句要用 shall we: Let us know your address,will you?请把你的地址告诉我们,好吗? (表请求,故用will you?) Let us go swimming together,shall we?我们一起去游泳好吗? (表示建议[较正式],故用shall we?) Let's go swimming together,shall we?我们一起去游泳好吗? (表示建议[较口语化],故用shall we?) 127.祈使句如何变为反意问句 例 a.come early tomorrow, ____ you? b.Don't be late again, ____ you? A.will,do B.won't,will C. will,can't D.won't,won't 此题应选B。关于祈使句的反意问句要注意以下几点: 1.当陈述部分为祈使句时,反意问句通常用will you,won't you, would you 等: Do sit down,will you?请坐下,好吗? Come here,won't you?请过来,好吗? Give me a hand,would you?帮我一下,好吗? 有时根据语境的需要,反意问句也可以用can you,can”t you,why don't you,could you 等: Give me some cigarettes,can you?给我些香烟,可以吗? (=Can you give me some cigarettes?) Walk faster,can't you?走快点,不行吗?(=Can't you walk faster?) 一般说来,用will you,won't you,would you 等构成的反意问句,语气较委婉。试比较: Be quiet,will you?请安静,好吗?(较委婉) Be quiet,can't you?你不能安静点吗?(不够委婉) 2.当陈述部分为否定的祈使句时,其反意问句通常只用willyou: Don't move it,will you?不要动它,好吗? Don't forget to phone me,will you?别忘了给我打电话,好吗? 128.陈述部分为I think that 时,如何构成反意问句 例 I don't think that he cares, ____ ? A.do I B.does he C.don't I D.doesn't he 此题应选B。容易误选A。当陈述部分为主从复合句时,其反意问句要注意以下情况: 1.对于一般的主从复合句,其反意问句通常与主句保持一致: She says that I did it,doesn't she?她说那是我干的,是吗? He thinks that the price is too high, doesn't he? 他认为这价格太高了,是吗? He told you that the meeting would be put off,didn't he? 他告诉你会议要延期,是吗? 2.当陈述部分的主句为 I think,I suppose,I believe 等结构时,反意问句通常与从句保持一致(注意否定的转移): I think that he is wrong,isn't he?我认为他错了,是吗(他错了吗)? I don't think he likes it,does he?我认为他不喜欢它,是吗(他喜欢吗)? 注意:有时可见以下特殊形式的问句:I think he is wrong,don't you?此句摘自《朗文当代英语词典》,其大意为:我认为他错了,你说呢?其实此句中的 don't you?相当于 don't you think so? 以下实例也属类似情况:I think she is mad,don't you? 129.你知道感叹句的基本句型吗 例 ____ terrible weather we have been having thesedays! A.How a B.What a C.How D.What 此题应选D。容易误选B,C。感叹句的两类基本结构为: a.How +adj/adv +主语 +谓语! b.What +(a/an) +adj +n +主语 +谓语! 在b 类句型中要特别注意的是:若其中的名词是不可数名词(尤其是 advice,food,fun,harm,homework,housework,information,luck,news,progress,weather,wealth 等)或复数名词,则其前不用不定冠词。 请做有关练习: 1. ____ careless he is! A.What B.How C.So much D.How much 2.Oh,John ____ pleasant surprise you gave us! A.How a B.How C.What a D. What 3. ____ nice food you've cooked! A.How a B.What a C.How D.What 4. ____ great fun it is! A.What B.How C. What a D.How a 5. ____ bad luck we have had! A.What B.How C.How a D.What a 答案:1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.A 130.这句话的词序值得注意 例 a.They ____ clever! b.How clever they ____ ! A.all are,all are B.are all, are all C.all are,are all D.are all,all are 此题应选D。容易误选B。 1.a 句填are all(They are all clever),这还好理解。 2.b 句要填all are(How clever they all are),这对考生来说就比较费解了。 关于这个问题要注意两点: 1)在通常情况下,像all,both,never,always,often 等词应放在特殊动词 (助动词,情态动词,be 动词)之后: We are all students.我们都是学生。 We have never been there.我们从未去过那儿。 2)但是当all,both,never 等词和特殊动词位于句末时,两者要交换位置: 他从未去过日本,但我们俩去过。 误:He has never been to Japan,but we have both. 正:He has never been to Japan,but we both have. 3)由于感叹句的句型特点是 a.How +adj/adv +主语 +谓语! b.What +(a/an) +adj +n +主语 +谓语! 即“主语 +谓语”位于句末,所以此时要特别注意:若谓语为“all,both 等 +特殊动词”, 不要搞错了位置: They are both excited.他们俩都很激动。 →How excited both are!他们俩真激动! What与How的感叹句用法 What a beautiful flower this is! How beautiful this flower is! 如何区别及应用以上两种感叹句式,首先得了解作感叹词时,what与how各自的词性及其语法功能: what adj. 修饰名词; how adv. 修饰形容词、副词及动词。 针对名词发出感叹时,用what引导;针对形容词、副词及动词发出感叹时,用how引导。 归纳起来,由what与how所引导的感叹句,常见的句型有: 1. 针对主语补语(即表语)部分所发出的感叹句,其句型为:What / How +主语补语+主语+谓语动词。例如: What a beautiful flower this is! 这是多么漂亮的花儿啊! How beautiful this flower is! 这花儿多么漂亮啊! 2. 针对主语部分的感叹句,其句型为:What +主语+谓语动词。例如: What a strange fellow is coming! 来了个多么奇怪的家伙! 3. 针对宾语部分的感叹句,其句型为:What +宾语+主语+谓语动词。例如: What a fuss they made! 瞧他们这般大惊小怪的样子! 4. 针对状语部分的感叹句,其句型为:What / How +状语+主语+谓语动词。例如: What a long time we have been waiting for you! 我们一直等你等了好久了! How cruelly he treated his slaves! 他对待奴隶多么残酷呀! How accomplished a pianist he is! 他的钢琴造诣何等高超哇! 5. 针对谓语动词的感叹句,其句型为:How +主语+谓语动词。例如: How I hated these beasts! 我多么痛恨这些畜牲! 由what与how所引导的感叹句常采用的省略式有两种类型: 1. 语法省略式 例如: What a useful book (I have)! (我有)多有用的一本书啊! What splendid cloth (it looks)! (这看上去)多精美的布啊! How hot (I’m feeling)! (这会儿我感到)多热呀! 这种省略式通常限于主谓部分的省略,用于述听双方都明确其意思的场合。该句式突出感叹部分,而并不影响句子的原意。 2. 语义省略式 例如: What a lie! 真是弥天大谎! What a day! 鬼天气! How the baby cried! 这婴儿哭得多厉害呀! How you frightened me! 瞧你吓死我啦! 这种省略式的特点是有意将所感叹的中心词抽掉,造成语义上的空白,从而取得含蓄的效果。然而,正是由于其“语义空白”,有时难免造成理解上的含混。比如,针对上句What a day!你既可以理解为: What a wonderful day! 多美妙的天气啊! 也可以理解为: What an ugly day! 多糟糕的天气呀! 这时,需借助语境或根据说话人的语气进行判断。 最后,附带提出what与how所引起的感叹句的语序问题。一般场合,其完整的语序为: What / How感叹部分+主语+谓语动词。 但偶尔也采用倒装结构(主语与谓语动词的功能词倒置),即 What / How感叹部分+功能词+主语+(谓语动词)。 例如: What a fool am I! 我真是个傻瓜蛋! How carefully did they search the room! 他们把房间搜查得多仔细哟! 这类句子可见于口语或相当旧式的文体中,现代英语的正式文体较为罕见。 【注1】what作为感叹词,传统英语语法归类为形容词,但现代英语语法将其归类为限定词(determiner)【注2】实义动词be和have(has)本身可充当功能词,直接用于倒装结构。
117.这不是强调句吗